"Racial Issues Essentials." By James D. Agresti. Just Facts, July 20, 2000. Revised 3/19/08. http://justfacts.com/racialissues.essentials.asp

(This page contains essential facts about racial issues. For more comprehensive details, click here)

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Unless otherwise stated, all facts and figures are for the United States and are current as of April 2000. Every statistic from a given year was chosen based on availability and not to slant the results by singling out a specific year that was different from others. The category headings do not state or imply facts. They are used for organizational purposes only.

A note concerning the controversial nature of this topic

Criticism from a reader and a response from Just Facts

* There is at least five times more genetic variation within races of people than there is between them. (1)

* Every race has the same coloring pigment in their skin. It is called melanin. The difference between the skin color of one person and another is primarily due to the amount of melanin present in their skin. (2)

* Charles Darwin was an advocate for the abolition of slavery,(3) but contended that humans evolved from apes and that blacks are biologically closer to apes than whites. In his book entitled The Descent of Man, Darwin wrote:

* In Washington, D.C., for a period of more than 50 years, a segregated black public high school equaled and outperformed the majority of white public high schools on tests dating back to 1899. (8)

* The Marcus Garvey Schools in Chicago and Cincinnati, the Marva Collins Schools in Philadelphia, and the Ivy Leaf School are all founded, owned, and operated by blacks. Academically, nearly 100% of the students are at or up to four years ahead of their grade level. (14)

* As of 1999, Public School # 161 in Brooklyn, N.Y. has a student body comprised of 91% blacks and 8% Latinos. The average class size is 35 students. Over 80% of the kindergartners can read. The sixth graders have the second highest reading scores in the state of New York. Nationally, the sixth through eighth graders placed in the 93rd percentile in reading and the 96th percentile in math. (15)(16)

* Some have claimed that the slow development of technically advanced civilizations in Africa is proof that black people are intellectually inferior.

* Communication has been an essential element in the development of technology. Europeans traversed the Atlantic Ocean using rudders (invented in China), trigonometry (invented in Egypt), and numbers (invented in India). Linguistic diversity has restricted communications in Africa, which has about 10% of the world’s population and about 30% of the world's languages. (17)

* Throughout most of Africa's history, geography has isolated people groups from one another. Up until the modern era, water has been the most efficient and inexpensive mode of transportation/commerce in advanced civilizations. The coastline of Africa is smooth and contains limited natural harbors, and as such, it has been largely unnavigable, as are most of the rivers in Africa. (17)

* The first Africans enslaved in mainland North America were brought to Virginia in 1619. (18)

* By 1670, all Africans living in the colonies were classified as slaves. (18)

* The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4th of 1776. It states:

* Slavery has existed throughout recorded history and still taking place in some countries. (18)(20)

* Within a thirty year period surrounding the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the ratification of the Constitution, every Northern State in the U.S. abolished slavery. Within a hundred year period surrounding the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the ratification of the Constitution, the Constitution was amended to abolish slavery. (18)(19)(21)(22)

* 21 of the 39 people who signed the United States Constitution at one time or another voted to prohibit slavery. (192)

* Quotes from the Founding Fathers regarding slavery:

* According to a Clinton administration State Department Report, the northwest African nation of Mauritania has up to 90,000 blacks enslaved by Arabs. (27)(28)

* As of 2000, the government of Sudan, the largest country in Africa, requires that everyone practice the religion of Islam. The majority of people in the southern portion of Sudan are black Christians and animists. The Sudanese government has attempted to force them into "peace camps" which offer the option of converting to Islam or forced starvation. (29)(30)(31)

* The government of Sudan has killed over 1 million of its civilians through overt violence and forced starvation. As of 1999, more people have been killed in Sudan than in Kosovo, Bosnia, Rwanda, Chechnya, and Somalia combined. (32)(30) Government supported militias conduct raids on villages in the south where they kill the men and take women and children as slaves. (20)

* The Sudanese government has denied that they condone or participate in slavery. They attribute reports of slavery to local wars between tribes in which hostages are taken. As of 1999, the Sudanese government refuses to allow monitors to investigate the situation and will not allow unauthorized flights (including those carrying food) into the southern portion of the country. (33)(31)

* In 1996, two reporters from the Baltimore Sun, a crew from NBC’s Dateline, an official from Christian Solidarity International and a board member of the American Anti-Slavery group took a covert flight into southern Sudan. They interviewed former slaves, families of enslaved people, 2 Arab militia officers, and a person who travels to the northern part of the country to purchase slaves from their captors for return to their families. All of the witnesses interviewed stated that the government of Sudan sponsors and supports the slave trade. (33)(34)

* In January of 1999, Christian Solidarity International took CBS News on a covert flight into Sudan where they purchased 1,000 slaves, mostly women and children, for about $50 a person. The former slaves were returned to their villages. (20)

* The Clinton administration State Department's 1995 human rights report on Sudan states:

 

"All the reports and information received indicates the direct and general involvement" of the Sudanese army and government supported militias in "the abduction and deportation of civilians from the conflict zones to the north." (33)

* The majority of the money used to fund the conflict has been borrowed against expected earnings from an oil project. A consortium of companies has partnered with Sudan in a venture that is projected to produce 450 million dollars in revenue for Sudan during it's first year of business (1999/2000). This figure is projected to grow in the following years. (30)(29)(42)

* A company that was originally involved with this oil project is a firm named Occidental.(43)

* In 1996, Congress passed and Bill Clinton signed legislation that prohibits anyone in the United States from engaging in financial transactions with countries who are classified as state sponsors of terrorism. The Clinton administration classifies Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism. Occidental is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. (44)(43)

* There was a 6 week period between when Congress passed this legislation and when Bill Clinton signed it into law. During this time, the chairman of Occidental was an overnight guest at the White House and slept in the Lincoln bedroom. Two days later, Occidental's Political Action Committee (PAC) gave $100,000 to the Democratic National Committee. As of April of 2000, this is twice the amount of any other donation that Occidental’s PAC has given in the past 9 years. (45 a, b, c)

* On the same day this law became operative, the Clinton administration exercised a provision in the law that allows them to grant exceptions. The exception that was granted permitted U.S. corporations and individuals to do business in Sudan. (43)

* After a newspaper article appeared in the Washington Post revealing that the Clinton administration was giving military support to three African nations that were helping people who were resisting the government in Sudan, Sudan barred Occidental from the consortium. (43)

* A year after Sudan barred Occidental from the oil deal, Bill Clinton issued an executive order prohibiting financial dealings with Sudan. In the executive order, Clinton called Sudan an "extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States," and declared "a national emergency to deal with that threat." Less than a year earlier, the Clinton administration stated that there was nothing improper in allowing the oil deal between Occidental and Sudan. (43)(47)(48)

For a timeline and links pertaining to the facts above, click here.

* After the Civil War, the United States government placed federal military troops in the South and black people began to vote in significant numbers. Two black men were elected to the U.S. Senate and 20 were elected to the House of Representatives.(58)

* In 1877, all federal troops left the South and local governments created voting literacy tests. Since it was against the law to teach a slave to read, most blacks in the South could not pass these tests. In some localities, the payment of a voting fee was required in order to vote. This effectively prohibited most blacks and poor whites from voting. (59)(58)

* In the early 1890’s, Republicans in the House of Representatives passed a voting rights bill by a vote of 155-149. The law was intended to protect the rights of black people to vote. At the time, Democrats in the Senate were blocking another bill that the Republicans wanted to pass. The Republicans negotiated a deal with the Democrats to drop the voting rights bill in exchange for allowing the other bill to go forward. (57)

* By 1901, the number of black voters in Louisiana had fallen from a high of 130,000 to 1,342. (57)

* In 1901, George White of North Carolina left the House of Representatives. He was the last black Congressman from the South until 1965. (57)

* In his 1960 “State of the Union” address, Republican President Dwight Eisenhower called for a new civil rights law to enforce voting rights for minorities. This bill established a system of federally appointed election monitors, and made it a crime to defy school desegregation orders from federal courts. It was passed by Congress and signed into law by Eisenhower over the objections of Southern Democrats who conducted one of the longest filibusters in the history of the Senate in an attempt to stop the bill. (59)

* In 1964, a civil rights bill was passed by Congress and signed into law by Democrat President Lyndon B. Johnson. The law provided for enforcement of the "constitutional right to vote," and made it unlawful to for employers to discriminate based upon race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. (60)

* As of February of 2000, Al Gore’s web site contains a written transcript and video of a speech that Gore made on the topic of civil rights. Gore's transcript reads:

 

“My commitment to civil rights is a deeply personal one. I watched my father when he was, a U.S. Senator from Tennessee, take courageous stands for civil rights. He opposed the poll tax in the 40s, and supported civil rights in the 50s, he supported voting rights in 1963, and was one of two Southern Senators to refuse to sign the hateful Southern Manifesto opposing integration in our schools. He lost his Senate seat because of his stands.” (61)

* R.D. Davis, a member of Project 21 (a black conservative organization), researched the voting records from the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and found:

- Al Gore Sr. voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

- Al Gore Sr. participated in a 74 day filibuster to delay and weaken the legislation.

- Al Gore Sr. proposed an amendment to the Civil Rights Act that would have kept federal funds flowing to schools that defied court desegregation orders. It was defeated by a vote of 74-25. 23 Democrats and 1 Republican voted for it. (62)(63)

* In 1999, Democrat Presidential candidate and former U.S. Senator Bill Bradley gave a  speech he entitled, “Why I Am a Democrat.” In it, Bradley stated:

* 69% of Democrats in the Senate voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 82% of Republicans in the Senate voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (62)(63)

* In the same speech Bradley stated:

* 63% of Democrats in Congress voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and it was signed into law by Democrat President Lyndon B. Johnson. 79% of Republicans in Congress voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (62)(63)

* The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a non-profit organization. Their web site states they are the "nation's foremost advocate of individual rights", and are "devoted exclusively to protecting the basic civil liberties of all Americans." (65)

* The ACLU’s “Briefing Paper on Affirmative Action” states that affirmative action programs “do not grant preferences based on race.” (66) (emphasis added)

* Proposition 209 was an initiative put on California's election ballot in 1996. It reads:

* The ACLU opposed it. (68)

* Proposition 209 was passed by the voters of California in 1996. (69)

* After Proposition 209 passed, the ACLU attempted to have a federal district court overturn it. The Clinton Department of Justice filed a “friend of the court” brief supporting the ACLU in this effort. (70)

* The Democratic National Committee opposed Proposition 209. (73)

* Their position paper on Proposition 209 states that they support affirmative action programs, provided they meet Bill Clinton’s “standards of fairness” which he outlined in 1995. The first standard is:

* The 1996 Delegate Selection Rules of the Democratic National Committee require that the racial composition of the delegates from each state is equal to the racial composition of the voters from each state. (74)

* Bill Clinton’s "second standard of fairness" is:

* A memo was circulated by the Clinton administration Defense Department that stated:

* Bill Clinton's "third standard of fairness" is:

* The Clinton administration Federal Aviation Administration published a "diversity handbook," which stated:

A Federal Aviation Administration job announcement stated:

* Bill Clinton's "fourth standard of fairness" is:

* Two Clinton aides prepared a document entitled, "Affirmative Action Review: A Report to the President." It did not recommend retiring any of the existing 171 federal affirmative action programs. (74)
 

* As of the late 1990’s, the Suffolk County Police Department in Long Island, New York runs a cadet program for minorities only. The applicants have to score a 70 or better on the police academy entrance exam to be admitted. Whites must score in the high 90’s to be admitted to the police academy. (79)

* Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 states:

* In January of 2000, ABC News announced a policy of tying “bonuses for executives to how well they do in employing minorities.” (181)

* In January of 2000, NBC announced they would double their purchasing from minority owned businesses and add a minimum of one minority writer to each of it’s second year shows in the fall. (182)

* Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 states:

* With regards to affirmative action, the 2000 Republican Party Platform states:

* With regards to affirmative action, the 2000 Democratic Party Platform states:

* 1997 Median household income:

(82)
 

* As of 1999, 66% of black children and 18% of white children are born to unmarried mothers. (83)(14)

* 1997 Median family income:

(84)(85)
 

* In June of 1999 at a fundraiser in Los Angeles, Al Gore stated:

* The 62% statistic cited by Gore does not account for the amount or type of work being performed, or the education, skill, or experience of the income earners. (18)

* According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 1994:

- Black women with high school diplomas earn 3% more income than white women with high school diplomas.

- Black women with some college education earn 6% more income than white women with some college education.

- Black women who are college graduates earn 7% more income than white women who are college graduates. (185)

* Using data from 1991, a study published in the American Sociological Review analyzed the incomes of men who are 26-33 years old and work full time. Comparing people with similar educations, black men earned 19% less than white men. Comparing people with similar math, verbal, and reading skills, black men earned 9% more than white men. (185)

* The ACLU and NAACP have accused mortgage companies of discrimination because they reject blacks at a greater rate than they reject whites. (86)

*

        (18)(87)

* In 1996, the ACLU filed a legal complaint against the mortgage company, PHH. The complaint was based upon the fact that PHH had higher rejection rates for blacks and for people buying in predominately black neighborhoods. (86)(88)

* The ACLU analyzed PHH's lending patterns while controlling for factors that included the applicant's income. The unequal rejection rates between whites and blacks persisted. (88)

* The ACLU did not analyze PHH's lending patterns while controlling for poor credit histories. (88)

* As of 1999, blacks with incomes between $65,000 and $75,000 have a higher percentage of poor credit histories than whites with incomes of $25,000 and below. Whites with incomes between $65,000 and $75,000 have a similar percentage of poor credit histories as Asian people with incomes of $25,000 and below. (The numbers cited are from a Freddie Mac study that classified an individual as having a poor credit history if they had 2 bills more than 30 days overdue, one bill more than 90 days overdue, a lien, judgment, or bankruptcy in the past two years.) (184)

* For people with incomes between $45,000 and $65,000, the rates for poor credit histories are as follows:

(184)

* PHH does not have retail stores or outlets. They market their mortgages over the phone and on the Internet, and do not require anyone to submit their race with their application. (88)(89)

* According to the National Center for Education Statistics, as of 1994, 17-year-old black students are 3.4 years behind 17-year-old white students in mathematics, 5.4 years behind in science, and 3.9 years behind in reading. (185)

* As of 1998, the average black child attends school in a district that spends as much money per student as the average white child's district. (91)

* A study published in 1999 compared the math scores of black students in public schools and Catholic schools in Washington, DC. The study controlled for factors which included the education of child's mother, the child's family status (one or two parents in the home), the availability of reading materials in the home, and the median income of the neighborhood in which the child lived. The study used data from 1996. The results are as follows:

- The average black eighth-grade student who attends Catholic school has math scores better than 72% of comparable students in public schools.

- The effect of attending a Catholic school has a greater positive effect on mathematics achievement than the effect of reducing the student to teacher ratio from 25:1 to 15:1.

- The effect of attending a Catholic school has a greater positive effect on mathematics achievement than the effect of a student's mother having some college education.

- The effect of attending a Catholic school has a greater positive effect on mathematics achievement than the effect of living in a two-parent family. (94)

* School choice is an initiative that offers parents the option of selecting the school their child will attend. Money that is currently spent on the education of a student at a public school is provided to his/her parents in the form of a voucher that can be used at the school of their choice. (98)(99)

* As of 1999, the NAACP opposes school vouchers. Their web site states:

* As of 1999, Bill Clinton and Al Gore oppose school vouchers. Both attended and sent their own children to private schools. (104)

* As of 1997, most members of the Black Congressional Caucus oppose school vouchers. They make $136,700 a year and 32% of them have sent or are sending at least one of their own children to private school. Nationally, 7% of all black children attend private schools. (102)(105)(106)

* As of 1996, teacher's unions oppose school vouchers. In Cleveland, 39.7% of public school teachers have sent or are sending at least one of their own children to private school. In Boston, Chicago, and Philadelphia, the percentages are 44.6%, 36.3%, and 35.9% respectively. Nationally, 14.1% of all children attend private schools. (107)(106)

* As of 2000, the ACLU opposes school vouchers. The ACLU web site states:

* In 1999, the ACLU supported the use of taxpayer money for an art exhibit that includes a painting of a woman covered with elephant dung and female sexual organs, entitled "The Holy Virgin Mary." As of 2000, the ACLU supports the use of taxpayer money to perform abortions. With reference to the issue of all taxpayers being forced to support something with which they may disagree, the ACLU asks the rhetorical question:

And answers:

* As of 2000, the majority of Democrats oppose school vouchers. (112)

* In 1998, Republicans in Congress passed a trial voucher program in Washington, D.C. that would have given vouchers to 2,000 schoolchildren from families with annual incomes of less than $16,000. Bill Clinton vetoed it. (113)

* As of 1999, black students score an average of 199 points lower on the SATs than white students. (116)

* As of 1994 at the majority of universities, black applicants are accepted at approximately twice the rate of white applicants. (117)

* As of 1999, the college graduation rate of black students is about half the graduation rate of white students. (118)

* From 1982 through 1987, black and Hispanic students who were admitted to Cal Berkeley under normal admissions criteria were more than twice as likely to graduate than black and Hispanic students admitted under racial preferences. (18)

* Blacks admitted to law school under normal admissions criteria are three times more likely to pass the bar exam than blacks admitted to law school as a result of racial preferences. (18)

* In October of 1999 on CNBC, Bryant Gumbel was asked, “Is it hard holding your own views in check?” Gumbel responded:

 

“In terms of my political views, I hold them in check. I don’t think that someone who watches is inclined to think I’m one way or the other.” (121)

* In November of 1994 on the “Today” show, Bryant Gumbel said to J.C. Watts, a black Republican Congressman:

* The Republican Party was formed on the basis of eliminating slavery. Anti-slavery Democrats, including U.S. Senators Salmon Chase and Lyman Trumbull, switched to the Republican Party for this reason. At the first Republican national convention in 1856, Republicans established a platform calling for elimination of slavery in all federal territories. (59)

* Leading up to the election of Abraham Lincoln (the first Republican President), Southern Democrats were stating that a "Black Republican" presidential victory would be cause for secession. In the period between Lincoln's election and when he took office, seven Southern states seceded. (59)

* The 13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution were championed by what were known as "Radical Republicans." The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and the 14th Amendment gave all people the freedoms outlined in the Constitution / Bill of Rights. (59)

* In 1957, Orval Faubus, the Democrat Governor of Arkansas, ordered the Arkansas National Guard to physically block the integration of 9 black students at a Little Rock high school. Faubus withdrew the Arkansas National Guard after Republican President Dwight Eisenhower instructed his Attorney General to obtain an injunction against Faubus. Subsequently, a mob formed which prevented the children from entering the school. This prompted President Eisenhower to send several companies of the United States Army to disperse the mob and allow for the school to be integrated. (59)

* The Republican Party platforms of 1952 and 1956 called for civil rights legislation. Republicans sponsored a civil rights bill in 1956, which was stopped by Democrats in the Senate. Republicans sponsored a civil rights bill in 1957, and Democrats in the Senate voted to remove enforcement provisions from the bill. In his 1960 “State of the Union” address, Eisenhower called for a new civil rights law to enforce voting rights for minorities. The bill was passed by Congress and signed into law by Eisenhower over the objections of Southern Democrats who conducted one of the longest filibusters in the history of the Senate in attempts to stop the bill. (59)

* In November of 1999, black actor Danny Glover, his daughter, and a friend of hers were bypassed 5 times while trying to hail a cab in New York City. Later that same day, a taxi driver refused to allow Glover to sit in the front seat of his cab. Glover had asked to sit up front because he has a bad hip and wanted to stretch out his legs. He filed a formal complaint with the New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission and held a press conference to call attention to what had happened. (152)(153)(154)

* Glover's lawyer stated that most of the taxi drivers were "people of color." When asked if any of the taxi drivers were black, Glover responded, "Of course." (153)(154)(155)

* The following news organizations broadcast or published stories regarding Glover's complaint without mentioning the fact that the majority of the cabbies who bypassed Glover were minorities: ABC, NBC, CNN, National Public Radio, New York Cablevision, The L.A. Times, The New York Times, The New York Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Greenwich Village Gazette and The Philadelphia Inquirer. Some of the stories included words such as "biased", "racist", "discrimination", and "bigoted." (156)(157)(158)(159)(160)(161)(162)(163)(164)(165)(166)

* In 1991, Al Gore stated:

 

"It is my hope that what we are seeing now is an end to the divisive politics of race…" (132)

* The Clinton administration has stated that the census undercounts minorities, and established a plan for the 2000 census in which 90% of the population would be counted, and statisticians would determine the race and location of the remaining 10%. Republicans opposed this plan. (74)(133)

* At a NAACP convention in 1998, Al Gore stated:

* In October of 1999, Republicans in the Senate voted against the nomination of Ronnie White, a black judicial nominee appointed by Bill Clinton. (134)

* Several law enforcement groups in Ronnie White’s home state of Missouri asked the Senate not to appoint him. While on the Missouri Supreme Court, White had dissented three times more often than the other judges in death penalty cases. (134)

* Bill Clinton called the rejection, “a disgraceful act of partisan politics,” and “strong evidence that for those who believe that the Senate treats minority and women judicial nominees unequally.” (134)

* Democrat Senator Patrick Leahy stated:

* John Ashcroft, a Republican Senator from Missouri, led the effort to defeat the nomination of Ronnie White.

* As a United States Senator, John Ashcroft supported and voted for over 90% of all black judicial nominees. (135)

* As the Governor of Missouri, John Ashcroft:

- Signed a law designating Martin Luther King's birthday as a state holiday.

- Signed a law in Missouri establishing the state’s first historic site in honor of an African-American.

- Established an academic excellence award in the name of George Washington Carver.

- Appointed black judges to Missouri courts, including the first black ever appointed the state's second highest court. (134)(135)

* A Reuters article was written by John Whitesides regarding the rejection of Ronnie White. It stated that Ashcroft, "led the charge against White's nomination." The article contained 3 quotes from Democrats who made allegations of racism against Republicans, and one quote from a Republican stating that race had no role in this. The article contained none of the facts shown above regarding Ashcroft's legislative record. (134)

* In June of 1996 during a national radio address, Bill Clinton stated:

* According to the head of the Arkansas NAACP and the Arkansas State Historian, there had never been a black church burning in Arkansas. (141)

* As of 1999, boys raised outside of two parent families go to prison at twice the rate of boys raised in two parent families. (142)

* As of 2000, children between the ages of 3 and 17 who live in households without a biological father are treated for behavioral/emotional problems at three times the rate of children living in homes with both biological parents. (142)

* Children born to unwed mothers:

 

Year	White	Black
1965	3.1%	28%
1999	18%	66%

(83)(14)(143)

* As of 1999, about 12.4% of the population is black. (145)

* 1995 statistics:

(146)

* The ACLU states that the war on crime “disproportionately targets young men of color.” (147)

* In the United States during 1995, 43% of people arrested for violent crimes were black. (187)

* In 1995, victims of violent crimes identified 38% of their assailants as black. (188)

* Statistics from a 1993 Justice Department study of felony defendants in the 75 largest counties:

Seven other studies with similar results are cited in a book written by John Perazzo entitled, The Myths That Divide Us. (18)

* According to FBI arrest data, Asians are arrested at one half the rate of whites. Of the more than 50 articles about race and violence reviewed for this list of facts, no writer or interviewee suggested that police have a bias in favor of Asians, and that whites are unfairly targeted. (149)

* Hate crime laws stiffen the penalty for committing a crime if the perpetrator's motivation is based upon hatred towards the victim's race. (150)

* 1994 statistics:

(127)

* In 1997, 636 people in the United States were charged with committing hate crimes against Hispanics. (149)

* The Clinton administration FBI recorded no hate crimes committed by Hispanics because they classified all Hispanic perpetrators as whites. With regard to Hispanics, the FBI classified attackers and victims in this manner:

-When a white attacked a Hispanic, the attacker was classified as white and the victim as Hispanic.

-When a Hispanic attacked a white, the attacker was classified as white.

-When a Hispanic attacked a black, the attacker was classified as white.

-When a Hispanic attacked a Hispanic, both attacker and victim were classified as white. (149)

* George Washington Carver was born a slave near the end of the Civil War. He was not allowed to attend the school where he lived because it only admitted white children.  

* Around the age of 14, he discovered a school for black youth in a nearby town and left home to attend it. Over the next ten years, he worked to pay for his food and shelter while earning a high school diploma.

* At about 24 years of age, he was accepted into a college and used almost the last of his savings to travel there. When he arrived the principal told him there had been a "mistake." Carver produced his letter of acceptance and replied, "Your letter said—I have it here." The principal cut him off: "I don't care what it said. You didn't tell me you were a Negro.” 

* Carver worked for five more years before applying to and being accepted at another university. After his first year, he transferred to the nation's leading agricultural college and graduated near the top of his class. He stayed at the school for another two years and earned a master's degree in agricultural and bacterial botany. Throughout his academic career, he labored long hours to earn his room, board and books. 

* George Washington Carver is primarily known for developing hundreds of products derived from peanuts, but he is also responsible for many other important contributions to agriculture. He hybridized "whole families of fruits and plants" to make them "resistant to fungus attack," pioneered the science of chemurgy (the utilization of organic materials for industrial proposes), and was directly responsible for multiple massive increases in farmland productivity.

* In the early 1900's, Thomas Edison offered Carver a job for over $100,000 a year, more than 65 times what he was earning. He declined this and many other lucrative offers to stay in his position at Tuskegee University for a period of 46 years in which he declined every salary increase. When it was said to him: "If you had all that money, you could help your people," Carver replied, "If I had all that money I might forget about my people." In lieu of accepting these offers, Carver helped those who asked for his expertise free of charge, spending hours a day personally answering the letters of major industrialists, farmers, and individuals who had questions about their home gardens.

* Henry Ford described George Washington Carver as "the world's greatest living scientist." (193)

* George Washington Carver declared:

* In 1904, Branch Rickey was a 21 year-old baseball coach at Ohio Wesleyan. On a road trip to play Notre Dame, a hotel clerk refused to give a room to the lone black player on Rickey’s team, Charles Thomas. This infuriated Rickey and he ordered a cot for Thomas in his own room. (173)

* In 1942, Rickey became the general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. At the time, the baseball Commissioner refused to allow blacks and whites to play together. Rickey instructed his scouts to watch the Negro leagues and when a new Commissioner was appointed, he signed Jackie Robinson to the Dodger's triple-A club in Montreal. (173)(174)

* Major league owners got word of Rickey’s intention to bring Jackie Robinson into the major leagues, and voted 15-1 to keep a “gentlemen’s agreement” banning blacks. Branch Rickey responded by approaching the new Commissioner, "Happy" Chandler, and getting his support to let Robinson play. (173)

* Rickey and Robinson received hundreds of death threats, and a number of the players on the Dodgers signed a petition against letting Robinson play. (173)(175)

* In April of 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first black player in the major leagues. (173)

* The Dodgers won the pennant in 1947 and Jackie Robinson was chosen as the Rookie of the Year in the National League. (173)

* By 1958, every team in major league baseball was integrated. (173)

* Branch Rickey’s grandson said of Branch:

* In his office, Branch Rickey posted a sign on the wall that read:

* In the 1780's, William Wilberforce was a young member of the British Parliament who represented the biggest and most influential constituency in England. He was a personal friend of the Prime Minister. (176)

* After becoming a Christian, Wilberforce stood up on the floor of Parliament and denounced slavery. He went from being a political insider to the leader of a small minority. (176)(177)

* Political opponents argued that abolishing slavery would destroy thousands of jobs, result in a loss of revenue and hurt the economy. (176)

* Wilberforce and his allies worked twenty years for the abolition of the slave trade, printing and distributing brochures, circulating petitions, and giving speeches in churches and public places. (176)

* In 1807, Parliament voted to outlaw the slave trade. In 1833, the same year that Wilberforce passed on, Parliament voted to abolish slavery throughout the British Empire. (176)(177)

* After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the military to put selected civilians into internment camps to protect the U.S. against espionage and sabotage. This was done without requiring any proof that an individual was disloyal or a threat to the United States. (178)(179)

* For a period of years, 110,000 people of Japanese descent, including 70,000 who were born in the United States, were detained in camps with barbed wire fences and armed guards. They were allowed to take limited belongings with them and some families lost everything they owned. (178)(179)

* During this time period in the United States, people of Japanese descent were labeled as traitors and members of the "enemy race." (180)

* Later during the war, a limited number of Japanese were allowed to volunteer for a segregated combat unit. This combat unit, the 100th Battalion / 442nd Regimental Combat Team is the most decorated military unit in the history of the United States. (178)

* While fighting for the United States, 700 men in this unit were killed in action. The unit was awarded 9,500 Purple Hearts. (178)

1. Textbook: Principles of Genetics. By D. Peter Snustad & Michael J. Simmons. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Fourth edition. Page 785: “Compared to other species, the humans species is genetically rather uniform. At the nucleotide level, humans have about one-fourth the genetic variation of chimpanzees and about one-tenth that of Drosophila. Furthermore, most of the genetic variation in the human species—perhaps 85 to 95 percent of it—is within rather than between populations [i.e., races]."

    

   Teaching guide: “Human Genetic Variation.” By BSCS and Videodiscovery under a contract from the National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, 1999. Accessed at http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/genetic/guide/pdfs/NIH_genetics.pdf.

   Page 8: “Furthermore, genetic variation around the world is distributed in a rather continuous manner; there are no sharp, discontinuous boundaries between human population groups. In fact, research results consistently demonstrate that about 85 percent of all human genetic variation exists within human populations, whereas about only 15 percent of variation exists between populations (Figure 4). That is, research reveals that Homo sapiens is one continuously variable, interbreeding species. Ongoing investigation of human genetic variation has even led biologists and physical anthropologists to rethink traditional notions of human racial groups. The amount of genetic variation between these traditional classifications actually falls below the level that taxonomists use to designate subspecies, the taxonomic category for other species that corresponds to the designation of race in Homo sapiens. This finding has caused some biologists to call the validity of race as a biological construct into serious question.”

2. Article: "Skin." World Book Encyclopedia, 2007 Deluxe Edition. "The color of the skin varies greatly among population groups and individuals. Skin color depends mainly on the amount of the brown pigment melanin produced in the skin. Melanin is formed by the melanocytes in the epidermis. All people have about the same number of melanocytes."

3. Book: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. Edited by Francis Darwin. Volume 1. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2087. Letter from Darwin to J. M. Herbert, June 2, 1833: “It does one's heart good to hear how things are going on in England. Hurrah for the honest Whigs! I trust they will soon attack that monstrous stain on our boasted liberty, Colonial Slavery. I have seen enough of Slavery and the dispositions of the negroes, to be thoroughly disgusted with the lies and nonsense one hears on the subject in England.”

4. Book: The Descent of Man, And Selection in Relation to Sex. By Charles Darwin. Second Edition, John Murray, 1874. 1890 Reprint. First published in 1871.

5. Huxley, Thomas Henry." Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft, 1999.

6. "Huxley, T. H." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Viewed at www.britannica.com in April of 2000.

7. Bergman, Jerry, Ph.D. "Evolution and the Origins of the Biological Race Theory." Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, Vol 7(2), 1993.

8. Sowell, Thomas. "Race dialogue: same old stuff." Jewish World Review, July 14, 1998. Viewed at www.jewishworldreview in December of 1999.

9. "Pygmy." Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft, 1999.

10. Bergman, Jerry, Ph.D. "Ota Benga: The man who was put on display in the zoo!" Creation Ex Nihilo, December 1993 - February 1994.

11. Ham, Ken & Wieland, Carl & Batten, Don. "One Blood - The Biblical Answer to Racism." 2nd printing, Master Books, 2000.

12. Hunter, George William, Ph.D. "A Civic Biology." American Book Company, 1914.

13. The study was done by Robert Rosenthal, a Harvard psychologist, and Lenore Jacobson, a San Francisco school principal. McGinnis, Alan Loy. "Bringing Out the Best in People." Augsburg Publishing House, 1985.

14. Williams, Walter. "The race hustlers can't solve our problems." Washington Times National Weekly Edition, January 5-11, 1998.

15. Williams, Walter. "No Excuses." WorldNetDaily, May 4, 2000. Viewed at www.wnd.com in May of 2000.

16. Carter, Samuel Casey. "No Excuses – Lessons from High-Performing, High-Poverty Schools." The Heritage Foundation, 2000. Viewed at www.noexcuses.org in June of 2000.

17. Williams, Walter. Review of Thomas Sowell's book, "Conquests and Cultures." Jewish World Review, August 26th, 1998. Viewed at www.jewishworldreview in September of 1999.

18. Perazzo, John. "The Myths That Divide Us." World Studies Books, 1998.

19. The Declaration of Independence - July 4, 1776.

20. Jacobs, Charles. "In campaign to liberate Sudan's child slaves, money talks." The Boston Globe, February 19, 1999.

21. The Constitution of the United States - September 17, 1787.

22. 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution – December 18, 1865.

23. Barton, David. "The Race Card." WallBuilders, 1995. Viewed at www.christiananswers.net in January of 1999.

24. Email response from Eyler Coates dated October 18, 1999. Eyler Coates is the author of "Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government - Quotations from the Writings of Thomas Jefferson." It is available at etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/

25. Coates, Eyler Robert, Sr. "Thomas Jefferson On Politics & Government - Quotations from the Writings of Thomas Jefferson." 1995-2000. Viewed at etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/ in September of 1999.

26. "The rough draft of the Declaration of Independence, June 28, 1776." A Hypertext on American History from the colonial period until Modern Times. Viewed at http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/usa.htm in March of 2000.

27. Jacobs, Charles. "Where Are The Liberals?" The Boston Globe, July 7, 1996.

28. Kane, Gregory. "America chooses to ignore those enslaved in Africa." The Baltimore Sun, March 3, 1999.

29. Fisher, Ian. "Oil Flowing in Sudan, Raising the Stakes in Its Civil War." New York Times, October 17, 1999.

30. Field, J. Fraser. "A wretched nation made worse." The National Post, February 17, 2000.

31. Bauer, Gary & Rivers, Eugene. "U.S. can't neglect Sudan's sorry state." The Boston Herald, February 6, 1999.

32. Abolitionist Leadership Counsel. Press release dated January 31, 1997.

33. Lewthwaite, Gilbert A. & Kane, Gregory. " Sudan denies slavery. But...." The Baltimore Sun, June 18, 1996.

34. Lewthwaite, Gilbert A. & Kane, Gregory. "Witness To Slavery - Last of three parts." The Baltimore Sun, June 18, 1996.

35. Schaefer, Naomi. " Modern Slavery in Africa is Largely Ignored By U.S. Black Leaders and Major Media - Tens of Thousands Enslaved in Africa Today." Massachusetts News, May 12, 1999.

36. Lawrence, J.M. "Freeing the slaves ... in 1999 - Somerville-based abolitionist group buys back human lives." The Boston Herald, February 25, 1999.

37. Foster, Julie. "National Sudan Day – 25 U.S. cities holding rallies to protest modern-day slavery." WorldNetDaily, June 9, 2000. Viewed at www.wnd.com in June of 2000.

38. Bellamy, Carol. "Sudan slave trade must end, says UNICEF." United Nations Children's Fund, March 12, 1999. Viewed at www.unicef.org in March of 2000.

39. "Group Says It Bought Freedom of 5,514 Slaves in Sudan." Reuters, December 22, 1999.

40. Bellamy, Carol. "The State of the World's Children 2000." United Nations Children's Fund, 2000. Viewed at www.unicef.org in March of 2000.

41. Ramphal, Shridath. "Debt has a child's face." UNICEF, The Progress of Nations 1999. Viewed at www.unicef.org in March of 2000.

42. Search performed at www.unicef.org in March of 2000. Words searched for: Sudapet, Greater Nile Petroleum, Occidental, Talisman.

43. Article: "U.S. Eased Law to Aid Oil Firm." By David B. Ottaway. Washington Post, January 23, 1997. Page A01: "However, the law also permits the Treasury Department to grant exemptions, which occurred in the case of Sudan and Syria on Aug. 23. ... Occidental's hopes of tapping the Sudanese oil field suffered a setback in late November, when the Khartoum government abruptly excluded the U.S. company from the development consortium, according to oil industry and U.S. government sources. The government reportedly was angered by a disclosure in The Washington Post that the Clinton administration was providing military assistance to three African nations supporting Sudanese rebels, the sources added."

44. "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996." Public Law 104-132, 104th Congress of the United States of America. Viewed at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/nara005.html in January of 2000.

45. Determined by comparing dates from the following sources:
    

    a) Dates that Congress passed legislation (3/14/96) and Bill Clinton signed into law (4/24/96): "Anti-Terrorism Bill [S735] – Conference Report." Viewed at www.vote-smart.org in April of 2000.

    b) Date that Occidental's Political Action Committee gave $100,000 to the Democratic National Committee (3/29/96), and the fact that this donation is twice the amount of any other donation that Occidental’s PAC has given in the past 9 years (nine years is maximum available timeframe for this database): "Individual Donor Search – Occidental." Center for Responsive Politics. Viewed at www.crp.org in April of 2000.
    c) Date that the chairman of Occidental was an overnight guest at the White House and slept in the Lincoln bedroom: Article: “Gore campaign stumbles over threat to tribe.” By Damian Whitworth. London Times, March 13, 2000. “Since Mr Gore joined the Clinton ticket in 1992, according to a study by the Centre for Public Integrity, Occidental has contributed more than $470,000 to the Democratic Party, including a $100,000 cheque that was written two days after the present chairman, Ray Irani, stayed in the Lincoln bedroom at the White House, and $35,550 to Mr Gore himself.”

     

    Timeline and Links

     

    3/14/96	Congress passes Antiterrorism bill (S. 735, Section 321).
    3/27/96	Occidental chairman Ray Irani sleeps over White House.
    3/29/96	Occidental's PAC donates unprecedented $100,000 to DNC.
    4/24/96	Clinton signs Antiterrorism bill into law (Public Law 104-132).
    8/23/96	Anti-terrorism law goes into effect.
    8/23/96	Clinton administration Treasury Department creates exception to law, allowing Occidental to pursue oil deal in Sudan.
    11/96	Sudan bars Occidental from oil deal.
    1/23/97	Washington Post story published. Clinton administration says there was nothing improper in allowing Occidental to pursue deal.
    11/3/97	Clinton issues Executive Order 13067 closing the exception. Calls Sudan an "extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States", and declares "a national emergency to deal with that threat."

     

46. "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996." Public Law 104-132, 104th Congress of the United States of America. Viewed at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/nara005.html in January of 2000. Exact language: "Except as provided in regulations issued by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, whoever, being a United States person, knowing or having reasonable cause to know that a country is designated under section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act (50 U.S.C. App. 2405) as a country supporting international terrorism, engages in a financial transaction with the government of that country, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both."

47. Clinton, William J. "Executive Order 13067 - Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Sudan." The White House, November 3, 1997.

48. "U.S. Exempts Sudan For Oil Deal." United Press International, January 23, 1997. "State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns says there was nothing improper in allowing the oil exploration agreement between Occidental Petroleum Corp. and Sudan."

49. Whitworth, Damian. "Gore campaign stumbles over threat to tribe." London Times, March 13, 2000.

50. Farah, Joseph. "The sins of the father.' WorldNetDaily, March 23, 2000. Viewed at www.wnd.com in March of 2000.

51. Lewis, Charles. "How the Gores, Father and Son, Helped Their Patron Occidental Petroleum." The Center for Public Integrity, April 8, 2000.

52. Jones, Matthew. "US Elections: Gore attacked over Colombia oil project." Financial Times, January 20, 2000.

53. Miller, Karin. "Gore Defends Occidental Link." Associated Press, March 14, 2000.

54. Center for Responsive Politics - Individual Donor Search: "Irani, Ray"
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    " deBrier, Donald"
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89. Filled out an online mortgage application at www.phhmortgage.com in April of 2000. Racial information was not requested. At the time the complaint was filed, the ACLU issued a press release stating, "PHH said that because it finds borrowers through telemarketing sales, applicants are not required to provide racial information, and that a "significant number" do not."

90. Erler, Don. "Schools Needn't Be Private To Succeed Like Those Do." The Fort Worth Star-Telegram, August 12, 1999. Viewed at www.edreform.com in May of 2000. This is the web site for The Center for Education Reform.

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172. Bowles, Scott. "Cabbies have America's deadliest job." USA Today, May 2, 2000. Viewed at www.usatoday.com in May of 2000.

173. Nightengale, Ben. "Crossing the Line." The Delta Tau Delta Rainbow, Spring 1997.

174. "Rickey, Branch." Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft, 1999.

175. "Robinson, Jackie." Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft, 1999.

176. Colson, Charles W. - Break Point, April 15, 1999.

177. "Wilberforce, William." Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft, 1999.

178. Ruddy, Daniel. "The Japanese-American Purple Heart Division." NewsMax, May 27, 2000. Viewed at www.newsmax.com in May of 2000.

179. "Civil Rights Law and History - Japanese American Internment." United States Department of Justice. Viewed at www.usdoj.gov in June of 2000.

180. Assorted university history pages on the world wide web.

181. "ABC Reaches Pact With NAACP." ABC News, January 7, 2000. Viewed at www.abcnews.com in January of 2000.

182. "NBC Announces Agreement With NAACP." The Associated Press, January 6, 2000. Viewed at www.dailynews.yahoo.com in January of 2000.

183. Hentoff, Nat. "Slaughter of the Innocents." The Village Voice, April 19-25, 2000. Viewed at www.villagevoice.com in April of 2000.

184. Loose, Cindy. "Racial Disparity Found In Credit Rating." The Washington Post, September 21, 1999.

185. Thernstrom, Stephan & Thernstrom, Abigail. "America in Black and White – One Nation, Indivisible." Simon & Schuster, 1997.

186. D'Souza, Dinesh. "The End of Racism – Principles for a Multiracial Society." The Free Press, 1995.

187. "1995 Uniform Crime Reports." Federal Bureau of Investigation, October 13, 1996. Table 43, "Total Arrests, Distribution by Race, 1995." Murder and non-negligent manslaughter data is not included, in order to provide a proper comparison with data from source (188).

188. Calculations performed with data from "Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1995." U.S. Department of Justice, May 2000. Murder and non-negligent manslaughter data is not included, as this data is obtained via a survey of victims. The data used is for completed violent crimes. Tables used: 40- "Percent distribution of single-offender victimizations, by type of crime and perceived race of offender."
     42- "Percent distribution of single-offender victimizations, based on race of victims, by type of crime and perceived race of offender."
     46- "Percent distribution of multiple-offender victimizations, by type of crime and perceived race of offenders." The table does not contain data regarding the average number of offenders that are involved in multiple offender crimes. The minimum possible number is obviously 2. An estimate of 2.5 is used. This low number is used to give weight to the ACLU's statements. In other words, blacks committed a greater percentage of the total of multiple offender victimizations than single offender victimizations. Data on mixed race multiple offender victimizations could not be used because the table has no breakdown by race.
     48- "Percent distribution of multiple-offender victimizations by type of crime, race of victims, and perceived race of offenders." The table has no breakdown of completed vs. non-completed violent crimes. The ratio for black offenders found in table 46 is used. Data on mixed race multiple offender victimizations could not be used because the table has no breakdown by race.

189. "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999" U.S. Census Bureau, 1999. Number 34. Resident population by race, Hispanic Origin, and state:1998.

190. "Entire Division Totals, January –April 2000." New Jersey State Police. Viewed at www.njsp.org in June of 2000.

191. Calculations performed with 1992 data from:

     a. "1992 Uniform Crime Reports." Page 10. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
     b. "1995 Sourcebook Of Criminal Justice Statistics." Pages 468, 480, 497, 499. U.S. Department of Justice

192. Book: Lincoln on Leadership. By Donald T. Phillips II. Time Warner Books, 1992.

193. Book: George Washington Carver: The Man Who Overcame." By Lawrence Elliot. Prentice-Hall, 1966.

194. Inaugural Address of John Tyndall. British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1874. Accessed at victorianweb.org.

195. Book: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. By Charles Darwin. John Murray, 1859. Accessed at literature.org.

196. Book: George Washington Carver: In His Own Words. Edited by Gary Kremer. University of Missouri Press, 1987. Page 166.

197. “Republican Platform 2000: Renewing America’s Purpose. Together.” Adopted on August 31, 2000. Accessed at http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/conventions/republican/features/platform.00/. In the section entitled “Upholding the Rights of All.”
198. “The 2000 Democratic National Platform: Prosperity, Progress, and Peace.” Adopted on August 15, 2000. Accessed at http://a9.g.akamai.net/7/9/8082/v001/www.democrats.org/pdfs/2000platform.pdf. In the section entitled “Building One America,” Page 36.